The Lombard Review
Markets & Finance Special Report

Diwali: India's festive boom runs on credit

Credit elasticity of festive spend

The Bombay Stock Exchange building on Dalal Street, Mumbai
The Bombay Stock Exchange building on Dalal Street, MumbaiPhoto: BSEINDIA / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

As millions celebrated Diwali across India, cash registers rang to the sound of an unprecedented consumer spending boom. Auto dealerships, electronics retailers, and jewellery stores reported record sales, buoyed by the fastest economic growth among major global economies. Yet examining the financing mechanics behind the festive euphoria reveals that India’s retail consumption is increasingly running on unhedged consumer credit.

Canary Wharf seen from Wapping, East London
Canary Wharf seen from Wapping, East LondonPhoto: Diliff / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0

The Unsecured Credit Boom

Commercial banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) have expanded unsecured personal loan and credit card portfolios at annual rates exceeding thirty per cent. The Reserve Bank of India has grown increasingly uneasy, hiking risk weights on unsecured consumer loans to force banks to allocate more regulatory capital against consumer credit. Fueling consumption via high-interest personal debt creates systemic vulnerabilities when cyclical momentum slows.

A supermarket aisle in Vermont
A supermarket aisle in VermontPhoto: Tessa Bury / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0

India’s vibrant festive retail boom is an impressive display of economic dynamism, but financing consumption through runaway unsecured credit risks planting the seeds of future financial distress.